Gibbon and Siamang Library
Here you can find an A-Z list of gibbon publications from 2000 – 2026: journal articles, books and book chapters and some university dissertation/theses.
This is compiled using Web of Science, Goole Scholar and other sources but is not complete and needs your help to keep it up to date.
Papers from before 2000 will be added soon.
Any updates please email section.small.apes@gmail.com
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HYLOBATIDAE PAPERS/BOOKS/BOOK CHAPERS ETC
2000 – 2026
Compiled 26th June 2026
- Abordo EJ (1976) The Learning Skills of Gibbons. In: Rumbaugh DM (ed) Gibbon and Siamang: Suspensory Behaviour, Locomotion and Other Behaviours of Captive Gibbons; Cognition. Karger, Basel, p 106–134
- Ahsan MF (2001) Socio-ecology of the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in two forests of Bangladesh. In: The Apes: Challenges for the 21st Century. Brookfield Zoo, Chicago, p 286–299
- Akers AA, Islam MA, Nijman. V (2013) Habitat characterization of western hoolock gibbons Hoolock hoolock by examining home range microhabitat use. Primates 54:341–348
- Alliance CC (2016) A preliminary wildife survey in Sangu-Matamuhuri Reserve Forest, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. Creative Conservation Alliance, Lalmatia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Ancrenaz M, Cheyne SM, Humle T, Robbins MM (2013) Impacts of Extractive Industry on Ape Ecology. In: State of the Apes 2013: Extractive Industries and Ape Conservation.p 164–191
- Ancrenaz M, Cheyne S, Humle T, Robbins M (2015) Impacts of Industrial Agriculture on Ape Ecology. In: State of the Apes 2015: Industrial Agriculture and Ape Conservation.p 165–192
- Andrews P, Groves CP (1976) Gibbons and brachiation. . In: Rumbaugh DM (ed) Gibbon and Siamang Vol 4. Suspensory Behaviour, Locomotion and Other Behaviours of Captive Gibbons; Cognition. Karger, Basel, p 167–218
- Ardiantiono, Pinondang IMR, Chandradewi DS, Semiadi G, Pattiselanno F, Supriatna J, Tasirin JS, Winarni NL, Voigt M, Bull JW, Humle T, Deere NJ, Struebig MJ (2024) Insights from 20 years of mammal population research in Indonesia. Oryx:1–8
- Aung PP, Lwin N, Aung TH, Htike TSM, Thompson C, Roos C, Zaw SM, Lum LZ, Oo WN, Sau Z, Turvey ST, Thein WZ, Maw MT, Win YT, Oo ZM, Rompay KKA Van, Gilardi K V, Tremeu-Bravard A, Momberg F, Fan P-F, Cheyne SM, Smiley Evans T (2024) Confirmation of Skywalker Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock tianxing) in Myanmar Extends Known Geographic Range of an Endangered Primate. Int J Primatol
- Badri S, Cheyne SM, Magne F (2025) Later onset of adulthood in Western Hoolock gibbons (Hoolock hoolock). Folia Primatol:1–8
- Baldwin LA, Teleki G (1976) Patterns of gibbon behaviour on Hall’s Island, Bermuda. . In: Rumbaugh DM (ed) Gibbon and Siamang Vol 4. Suspensory Behaviour, Locomotion and Other Behaviours of Captive Gibbons; Cognition. Karger, Basel, p 21–105
- Balolia KL (2021) Craniodental Sexual Dimorphism Among Hylobatids. Int J Primatol 42:737–758
- Bezanson M, Franquesa-Soler M, Kowalewski M, McNamara A, Oktaviani R, Rodrigues MA (2022) Best practices are never best: Evaluating primate conservation education programs (PCEPs) with a decolonial perspective. Am J Primatol n/a:e23424
- Bezanson M, Franquesa-Soler M, Kowalewski M, McNamara A, Oktaviani R, Rodrigues MA (2023) Best practices are never best: Evaluating primate conservation education programs (PCEPs) with a decolonial perspective. Am J Primatol 85:e23424
- Borah M, Devi A, Kumar A (2018) Diet and feeding ecology of the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in a tropical forest fragment of Northeast India. Primates 59:31–44
- Brockelman WY, Ross BA, Pantuwatana S (1974) Social interactions of adult gibbons (Hylobates lar) in an experimental colony. Gibbon & Siamang 3:137–156
- Brown J (2009) Status of the western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) in the Nam Ha National Protected Area, Lao PDR. Gibbon J:5
- Bryant JV (2014) Developing a conservation evidence-base for the Critically Endangered Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). University College London and Institute of Zoology (Zoological Society of London)
- Bryant J V., Brulé A, Wong MHG, Hong X, Zhou Z, Han W, Jeffree TE, Turvey ST (2016) Detection of a New Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) Group Using Acoustic Call Playback. Int J Primatol 37:534–547
- Bryant J V, Olson VA, Chatterjee HJ, Turvey ST (2015) Identifying environmental versus phylogenetic correlates of behavioural ecology in gibbons: implications for conservation management of the world’s rarest ape. BMC Evol Biol 15:171
- Buckley-Beason VA, Johnson WE, Nash WG, Stanyon R, Menninger JC, Driscoll CA, Howard JG, Bush M, Page JE, Roelke M, Stone G, Martelli PP, Wen C, Ling L, Duraisingam RK, Lam P V, O’Brien SJ (2006) Molecular evidence for species-level distinctions in clouded leopards. Curr Biol 16:2371–2376
- Buckley C (2004) Survey of Hylobates agilis albibarbis in unprotected primary peat swamp forest: Sebangau catchment area, Central Kalimantan. Oxford Brookes University, Oxford
- Buckley RC, Morrison C, Castley JG (2016) Net effects of ecotourism on threatened species survival. PLoS One 11:1–12
- Burns P, Kaszta Z, Cushman SA, Brodie JF, Hakkenberg CR, Jantz P, Deith M, Luskin MS, Ball JGC, Mohd-Azlan J, Burslem DFRP, Cheyne SM, Haidir I, Hearn AJ, Slade E, Williams PJ, Macdonald DW, Goetz SJ (2025) The utility of dynamic forest structure from GEDI lidar fusion in tropical mammal species distribution models. Front Remote Sens Volume 6-
- Carbone L, Harris RA, Gnerre S, Veeramah KR, Lorente-Galdos B, Huddleston J, Alan Harris R, Gnerre S, Veeramah KR, Lorente-Galdos B, Huddleston J, Meyer TJ, Herrero J, Roos C, Aken B, Anaclerio F, Archidiacono N, Baker C, Barrell D, Batzer MA, Beal K, Blancher A, Bohrson CL, Brameier M, Campbell MS, Capozzi O, Casola C, Chiatante G, Cree A, Damert A, Jong PJ De, Dumas L, Fernandez-Callejo M, Flicek P, Fuchs N V., Gut I, Gut M, Hahn MW, Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Hillier LW, Hubley R, Ianc B, Izsvák Z, Jablonski NG, Johnstone LM, Karimpour-Fard A, Konkel MK, Kostka D, Lazar NH, Lee SL, Lewis LR, Liu Y, Locke DP, Mallick S, Mendez FL, Muffato M, Nazareth L V., Nevonen KA, O’Bleness M, Ochis C, Odom DT, Pollard KS, Quilez J, Reich D, Rocchi M, Schumann GG, Searle S, Sikela JM, Skollar G, Smit A, Sonmez K, Hallers B Ten, Terhune E, Thomas GWC, Ullmer B, Ventura M, Walker JA, Wall JD, Walter L, Ward MC, Wheelan SJ, Whelan CW, White S, Wilhelm LJ, Woerner AE, Yandell M, Zhu B, Hammer MF, Marques-Bonet T, Eichler EE, Fulton L, Fronick C, Muzny DM, Warren WC, Worley KC, Rogers J, Wilson RK, Gibbs RA (2014) Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes. Nature 513:195–201
- Carbone L, Harris RA, Mootnick AR, Milosavljevic A, Martin DIK, Rocchi M, Capozzi O, Archidiacono N, Konkel MK, Walker JA, Batzer MA, Jong PJ De (2012) Centromere remodeling in Hoolock leuconedys (Hylobatidae) by a new transposable element unique to the gibbons. Genome Biol Evol 4:648–658
- Carbone L, Harris RA, Vessere GM, Mootnick AR, Humphray S, Rogers J, Kim SK, Wall JD, Martin D, Jurka J, Milosavljevic A, Jong PJ De (2009) Evolutionary breakpoints in the gibbon suggest association between cytosine methylation and karyotype evolution. PLoS Genet 5
- Carpenter CR (1972) Suspensory behaviour of gibbons Hylobates lar: a photoessay. In: Rumbaugh DM (ed) Gibbon and Siamang: Suspensory behaviour, locomotion and other behaviours of caprive gibbons; cognition. S. Karger, Basel, p 1–18
- Chan BPL, Lo YFP, Hong X-J, Mak CF, Ma Z (2020) First use of artificial canopy bridge by the world’s most critically endangered primate the Hainan gibbon Nomascus hainanus. Sci Rep 10:15176
- Chan BPL, Mak CF, Yang JH, Huang XY (2017) Population, distribution, vocalization and conservation of the gaoligong hoolock gibbon (Hoolock tianxing) in the Tengchong section of the gaoligongshan national nature reserve, China. Primate Conserv 31:107–113
- Chan YC, Roos C, Inoue-Murayama M, Inoue E, Shih CC, Pei KJC, Vigilant L (2010) Mitochondrial genome sequences effectively reveal the phylogeny of Hylobates gibbons. PLoS One 5
- Channa P, Gray T (2009) The status and habitat of yellow-cheeked crested gibbon Nomascus gabriellae in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Mondulkiri.
- Chatterjee HJ (2009) Evolutionary relationships among the gibbons: a biogeographic perspective (D Whittaker and S Lappan, Eds.).
- Chatterjee H, Collard M, Aiello LC, Thomas M (2000) Historical biogeography of the gibbons. Am J Phys Anthropol:122
- Chetry D, Chetry R, Bhattacharjee PC (2007) Hoolock, The Ape of India. Gibbon Conservation Centre and Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary, Mariani, Assam, India
- Cheyne SM (2004) Assessing rehabilitation and reintroduction of captive-raised gibbons in Indonesia. University of Cambridge, Cambridge
- Cheyne SM (2005) Re-introduction of captive-raised gibbons in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Reintroduction News 24:22–25
- Cheyne SM (2007) Indonesian Gibbons – Hylobates albibarbis. In: Rowe N (ed) All the World’s Primates. Pogonias Press Inc, Charlestown RI
- Cheyne SMSM (2008) Effects of meteorology, astronomical variables, location and human disturbance on the singing apes: Hylobates albibarbis. Am J Primatol 70:1–7
- Cheyne SM (2009a) Studying Social Development and Cognitive Abilities in Gibbons (Hylobates spp): methods and applications. In: Primatology: Theories, Methods and Research. Nova Science Publishers, New York
- Cheyne SM (2009b) The Role of Reintroduction in Gibbon Conservation: Opportunities and Challenges. In: Lappan SM, Whittaker DL, Geissmann T (eds) The Gibbons: New Perspectives on Small Ape Socioecology and Population Biology. Springer, New York, p 477–496
- Cheyne SM (2010) Behavioural ecology and socio-biology of gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in a degraded peat-swamp forest. In: Supriatna J, Gursky SL (eds) Indonesian Primates. Springer, New York, p 121–156
- Cheyne SM, Abdulaziz K undefined, Supiansyah undefined, Twentinolosa undefined, Adul undefined, Thompson CJH, Thompson L, Chadwick R, Birot H, Thompson C, Wilcox CH, Cahyaningrum E (2023) Gibbons in the Anthropocene: Lessons from a Long-Term Study in Indonesia. In: Thompson C, Chatterjee HJ, Fan P-F, Cheyne SM (eds) Gibbon Conservation in the Anthropocene. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 57–77
- Cheyne SM, Brulé A (2004) Adaptation of a captive-raised gibbon to the wild. Folia Primatol 75:37–39
- Cheyne SM, Campbell CO, Payne KL (2012) Proposed guidelines for in situ gibbon rescue, rehabilitation and reintroduction. Int Zoo Yearb 46
- Cheyne SM, Chivers DJ (2006) Sexual swellings of female gibbons. Folia Primatol 77
- Cheyne SM, Chivers DJ, Sugardjito J (2005) Proposed Guidelines for Gibbon Rehabilitation, http://www. IUCN/SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group, http://www.iucnsscrsg.org/pages/1/index.htm
- Cheyne SM, Chivers DJ, Sugardjito J (2006a) Wildlife Reintroduction: Considerations of Habitat Quality at the Release Site. BioMed Cent Ecol http://www
- Cheyne SMSM, Chivers DJ, Sugardjito J (2006b) Wildlife reintroduction: considerations of habitat quality at the release site. BMC Ecol 6:1–8
- Cheyne SM, Chivers DJ, Sugardjito J (2007a) Covariation in the great calls of rehabilitant and wild gibbons Hylobates agilis albibarbis. Raffles Bull Zool 55:201–207
- Cheyne SM, Chivers DJ, Sugardjito J (2007b) Covarvariation in the great calls of rehabilitant and wild gibbons (hylobates albibarbis). Raffles Bull Zool 55
- Cheyne SM, Gilhooly LJ, Hamard MCMC, Höing A, Houlihan PR, Kursani, Loken B, Phillips A, Rayadin Y, Capilla BR, Rowland D, Sastramidjaja WJ, Spehar S, Thompson CJHCJ., Zrust M, Limin SH (2016) Population mapping of gibbons in Kalimantan, Indonesia: Correlates of gibbon density and vegetation across the species’ range. Endanger Species Res 30:133–143
- Cheyne SM, Höing A, Rinear J, Sheeran LK (2013) Sleeping site selection by agile gibbons: The influence of tree stability, fruit availability, and predation risk. Folia Primatol 89:299–311
- Cheyne SM, Holzner A, Sugardjito J (2024) Occupancy Patterns of Endangered Long-tailed Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) in Forests across Indonesian Borneo. 2024:1–11
- Cheyne SM, Monks EM, Kuswanto Y (2010) An observation of lethal aggression in Bornean agile gibbons Hylobates albibarbis. Gibbon J 6
- Cheyne SM, Ripoll Capilla B, Abdulazis K, Supiansyah, Abdulaziz, Adul, Cahyaningrum E, Wilcox CH, Thompson C, Birot H, Chadwick R, Thompson L, Smith DE, Capilla BR, K A, Supiansyah, Adul, Cahyaningrum E, Smith DE (2019) Home Range Variation and Site Fidelity of Bornean Southern Gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) from 2010-2018. PLoS One
- Cheyne SM, Thompson CJH, Chivers DJ (2013) Travel adaptations of gibbons Hylobates albibarbis (Primates: Hylobatidae) in a degraded secondary forest, Indonesia. J Threat Taxa 5:3963–3968
- Cheyne SM, Thompson C, Fan PF, Chatterjee HJ (Eds) (2023) Gibbon Conservation in the Anthropocene. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK)
- Cheyne SM, Thompson C, Martin A, K. Aulia AA, Birot H, Cahyaningrum E, Aragay J, Hutasoit PA, Sugardjito J (2024) The power of gibbon songs: Going beyond the research to inform conservation actions. Am J Primatol n/a:e23626
- Cheyne SM, Thompson CJH, Phillips AC, Hill RMC, Limin SH (2008) Density and population estimate of gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis) in the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Primates 49:50–56
- Cheyne SM, Zrust M, Hoeing A, Houlihan PR, Rowland D, Rahmania M, Breslin K (2012) Barito River Initiative for Nature Conservation and Communities (BRINCC) Preliminary Report. BRINCC Expedition, Palangka Raya, Indonesia
- Chivers DJ (1974) The Siamang in Malaya: a field study of a primate in tropical rainforest. Basel, Karger
- Chivers DJ (1975) Daily patterns of ranging and feeding in the siamang. In: Kondo S, Kawai M, Ehara. A (eds) Contemporary Primatology, Proceedings of the fifth International Congress of Primatology. Karger, New York, p 362–372
- Chivers DJ, Chivers ST (1975) Events preceding and following the birth of a wild siamang. Primates 16:227–230
- Choudhury AU (2000) A survey of hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in Dibru-Saik-Howa National Park, Assam, India. Primate Rep 56:61–66
- Choudhury A (2001) A systematic review of the mammals of north-east India with special reference to non-human primates. Gauhati University
- Clink DJ, Bernard H, Crofoot MC, Marshall AJ (2017) Investigating Individual Vocal Signatures and Small-Scale Patterns of Geographic Variation in Female Bornean Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) Great Calls. Int J Primatol 38
- Clink DJ, Charif RA, Crofoot MC, Marshall AJ (2018) Evidence for vocal performance constraints in a female nonhuman primate. Anim Behav 141:85–94
- Coudrat CNZ, Nanthavong C, Ngoprasert D, Suwanwaree P, Savini T (2015) Singing Patterns of White-Cheeked Gibbons (Nomascus sp.) in the Annamite Mountains of Laos. Int J Primatol 36:691–706
- Coye C, Caspar KR, Patel-Grosz P (2024) Dance displays in gibbons: biological and linguistic perspectives on structured, intentional, and rhythmic body movement. Primates
- Cunningham CL, Anderson JR, Mootnick AR (2006) Object manipulation to obtain a food reward in hoolock gibbons, Bunopithecus hoolock. Anim Behav 71:621–629
- Dal Pra G, Geissmann T (1994) Behavioural development of twin siamangs (Hylobates syndactylus). Primates 35:325–342
- Daniel BA, Molur P, Walker S (2007) Help(ing) Hoolock Gibbons Hang on: A Manual to make Every Teacher a Conservationist and Every Conservationist a Teacher.
- Das J, Bhattacharjee PC, Biswas J, Chetry. D (2005) Western Hoolock Gibbon: Socioecology, Threats and Conservation Action Plan. Guwahati, India
- Das J, Biswas J, Bhattacharjee, P. C. Mohnot SM (2006) First distribution records of the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock leuconedys) from India. Zoos’ Print J 21:2316–2320
- Dillis C, Beaudrot L, Feilen KL, Clink D., Wittmer HU, Marshall A. (2014) Modeling the Ecological and Phenological Predictors of Fruit Consumption by Gibbons (Hylobates albibarbis). Biotropica 47:85–93
- Du Y, Li D, Yang X, Peng D, Tang X, Liu H, Li D, Hong X, Song X (2020) Reproductive phenology and its drivers in a tropical rainforest national park in China: Implications for Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) conservation. Glob Ecol Conserv 24:e01317
- Duc HM, Bang T Van, Covert HH (2016) Strengthening conservation of the northern yellow-cheeked gibbon Nomascus annamensis and the establishment of community-based monitoring group on the eastern slope of the Central Annamites, Vietnam. Hochiminh City, Vietman
- Dunbar RIM, Cheyne SM, Lan D, Korstjens A, Lehmann J, Cowlishaw G (2019) Environment and time as constraints on the biogeographical distribution of gibbons. Am J Primatol 81
- Ellefson JO (1974) A natural history of white handed gibbons in the Malayan peninsula. Gibbon and Siamang 3:1–136
- Eppley TM, Reuter KE, Sefczek TM, Tinsman J, Santini L, Hoeks S, Andriantsaralaza S, Shanee S, Fiore A Di, Setchell JM, Strier KB, Abanyam PA, Mutalib AHA, Abwe E, Ahmed T, Ancrenaz M, Andriantsimanarilafy RR, Ang A, Aureli F, Barrett L, Beehner JC, Benítez ME, Bezerra BM, Bicca-Marques JC, Bikaba D, Bitariho R, Boesch C, Bolt LM, Boonratana R, Butynski TM, Canale GR, Carvalho S, Chapman CA, Chetry D, Cheyne SM, Cords M, Cornejo FM, Cortés-Ortiz L, Coudrat CNZ, Crofoot MC, Cronin DT, Dadjo A, Dakpogan SC, Danquah E, Davenport TRB, Jong YA de, la Torre S de, Dempsey A, Dimalibot JC, Dolch R, Donati G, Estrada A, Farassi RA, Fashing PJ, Fernandez-Duque E, Silva MJF da, Fischer J, Flores-Negrón CF, Fruth B, Neba TF, Gamalo LE, Ganzhorn JU, Garber PA, Gnanaolivu SD, Gonder MK, Bi SEG, Goossens B, Gordo M, Guayasamin JM, Guzmán-Caro DC, Halloran AR, Hartel JA, Heymann EW, Hill RA, Hockings KJ, Hohmann G, Hon N, Houngbédji MG, Huffman MA, Ikemeh RA, Imong I, Irwin MT, Izar P, Jerusalinsky L, Kalema-Zikusoka G, Kaplin BA, Kappeler PM, Kivai SM, Knott CD, Kolasartsanee I, Koops K, Kowalewski MM, Kujirakwinja D, Kumar A, Le QK, Lewis RJ, Lin AK, Link A, Loría LI, Lormie MM, Louis Jr. EE, Lwin N, Maisels F, Malaivijitnond S, Marisa L, McCabe GM, McGraw WS, Mekonnen A, Méndez-Carvajal PG, Minhós T, Montgomery DM, Morelos-Juárez C, Morgan BJ, Morgan D, Etingüe AM, Ndiaye PI, Nekaris KA-I, Nguyen N, Nijman V, Nishuli R, Norconk MA, Oklander LI, Oktaviani R, Ostner J, Otali E, Perry SE, Ramos EJP, Porter LM, Pruetz JD, Pusey AE, Queiroz HL, Ramírez MA, Randriatahina GH, Rasoanaivo H, Ratsimbazafy J, Ratsirarson J, Razafindramanana J, Razafindratsima OH, Reynolds V, Rizaldi R, Robbins MM, Rodríguez ME, Rosales-Meda M, Sanz CM, Sarkar D, Savage A, Schreier AL, Schülke O, Segniagbeto GH, Serio-Silva JC, Setiawan A, Seyjagat J, Silva FE, Sinclair EM, Smith RL, Spaan D, Stewart FA, Strum SC, Surbeck M, Svensson MS, Talebi M, Tédonzong LR, Urbani B, Valsecchi J, Vasey N, Vogel ER, Wallace RB, Wallis J, Waters S, Wittig RM, Wrangham RW, Wright PC, Mittermeier RA Tropical field stations yield high conservation return on investment. Conserv Lett n/a:e13007
- Estrada A, Garber PA, Mittermeier RA, Wich S, Gouveia S, Dobrovolski R, Nekaris KAI, Nijman V, Rylands AB, Maisels F, Williamson EA, Bicca-Marques J, Fuentes A, Jerusalinsky L, Johnson S, Rodrigues de Melo F, Oliveira L, Schwitzer C, Roos C, Cheyne SM, Martins Kierulff MC, Raharivololona B, Talebi M, Ratsimbazafy J, Supriatna J, Boonratana R, Wedana M, Setiawan A (2018) Primates in peril: the significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation. PeerJ 6:e4869
- Fahlman A (2005) Anaesthesia of wild carnivores and primates. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- Fan P (2017) The past, present, and future of gibbons in China. Biol Conserv 210
- Fan P-F, Fei H-L, Luo A-D (2014) Ecological extinction of the Critically Endangered northern white-cheeked gibbon Nomascus leucogenys in China. ORYX 48:52–55
- Fan P, He X, Yang Y, Liu X, Zhang H, Yuan L, Chen W, Liu D, Fan P (2021) Reproductive Parameters of Captive Female Northern White-Cheeked (Nomascus leucogenys) and Yellow-Cheeked (Nomascus gabriellae) Gibbons. Int J Primatol 42:49–63
- Fan PF, Huo S (2009) The northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) is on the edge of extinction in China. Gibbon J 5:44–52
- Fan P-F, Jiang X-L (2008a) Sleeping sites, sleeping trees, and sleep-related behaviors of black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China. Am J Primatol 70:153–160
- Fan P-F, Jiang X-L (2008b) Effects of food and topography on ranging behavior of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountain, Yunnan, China. Am J Primatol 70:871–878
- Fan P, Jiang X, Liu C, Luo W (2006) Polygynous mating system and behavioural reason of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Dazhaizi, Mt. Wuliang, Yunnan, China. Zool Res 27
- Fan PF, Liu C, Luo W, Jiang X (2007) Can a group elicit duets from its neighbours? A field study on the black-crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Central Yunnan, China. Folia Primatol 78:186–195
- Fan P, Ni Q, Sun G, Huang B, Jiang X (2009) Gibbons under seasonal stress: the diet of the black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) on Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China. Primates 50:47–54
- Fan P-F, Ren G-P, Wang W, Scott MB, Ma C-Y, Fei H-L, Wang L, Xiao W, Zhu J-G (2013) Habitat evaluation and population viability analysis of the last population of cao vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus): Implications for conservation. Biol Conserv 161:39–47
- Fan PF, Xiao W, Huo S, Ai HS, Wang TC, Lin RT (2011a) Distribution and conservation status of Hoolock leuconedys in China. Oryx 45:129–134
- Fan PF, Xiao W, Huo S, Ai HS, Wang T., Lin RT (2011b) Distribution and conservation status of Hoolock leuconedys in China. Oryx 45:129–134
- Fan PF, Xiao W, Huo S, Jiang X (2009) Singing behaviour and singing functions of black-crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) at Mt. Wuliang, Central Yunnan, China. Am J Phys Anthropol 71:539–547
- Fei H, Scott MB, Zhang W, Ma C, Xiang Z, Fan P (2012) Sleeping tree selection of Cao Vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) living in degraded karst forest in Bangliang, Jiangxi, China. Am J Primatol 74
- FEI H-L, SCOTT MB, ZHANG W, MA C-Y, XIANG Z-F, FAN P-F (2012) Sleeping Tree Selection of Cao Vit Gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) Living in Degraded Karst Forest in Bangliang, Jingxi, China. Am J Primatol 74:998–1005
- Fellowes JR, Chan BPL, Zhou J, Chen S, Yang S, Ng SC (2008) Current status of the Hainan Gibbon (Nomascus hainanus): progress of population monitoring and other priority actions. Asian Primates J 1:2–9
- Fleagle JG (1976) Locomotion and posture of the Malayan siamang and implications for hominid evolution. Folia Primatol 26
- Geissmann T (1995) Gibbon Systematics and Species Identification. Int Zoo News 42:467–501
- Geissmann T (2000) Duets of the siamang (Hylobates syndactylus). I: Structure and Organisation. Primate Rep 56:33–60
- Geissmann T, Grindley ME, Lwin N, Aung SS, Aung TN, Htoo SB, Momberg F (2013a) The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Zürich, Switzerland
- Geissmann T, Grindley ME, Lwin N, Aung SS, Aung TN, Htoo SB, Momberg F (2013b) The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Gibbon Conservation Alliance, Zürich, Switzerland
- Geissmann T, Grindley ME, Lwin N, Aung SS, Aung TN, Htoo SB, Momberg F (2013c) The conservation status of hoolock gibbons in Myanmar. Gibbon Conservation Alliance, Zurich, Switzerland
- Geissmann T, Grindley M, Momberg F, Lwin N, Moses S (2009) Hoolock gibbon and biodiversity survey and training in southern Rakhnie Yoma, Myanmar. Gibbon J:7–27
- Geissmann T, Nijman V (2008a) Hylobates funereus. IUCN Red List Threat Species
- Geissmann T, Nijman V (2008b) Hylobates abbotti. IUCN Red List Threat Species
- Geissmann T, Nijman V (2008c) Hylobates muelleri. IUCN Red List Threat Species
- Geissmann T, Orgeldinger M (2000) The relationship between duet songs and pair bonds in siamangs, Hylobates syndactylus. Anim Behav 60:805–809
- Geissmann T, Thanh VN, Dine MC, Tiep TM (2009) Results of a gibbon survey in the Kim Hy Nature Reserve (Bac Kan province) in northeastern Vietnam. People Resource Conservation Foundation (PRCF), Vietnam Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Gilhooly LJJ, Rayadin Y, Cheyne SMM (2015) A Comparison of Hylobatid Survey Methods Using Triangulation on Müller’s Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) in Sungai Wain Protection Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Int J Primatol 36:567–582
- Gray TNE, Calame T, Hayes B, Hurley MJ, Nielsen PH, Lamxay V, Timmins RJ, Thongsamouth K (2013) Biodiversity survey of Xe Sap National Protected Area Lao PDR 2012. WWF Greater Mekong, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Gregorio C De, Raimondi T, Bevilacqua V, Pertosa C, Valente D, Carugati F, Bandoli F, Favaro L, Lefaux B, Ravignani A, Gamba M (2023) Isochronous singing in three crested gibbon species (Nomascus spp.). Curr Zool:zoad029
- Grethe S, Heckel J-O, Reitschel W, Hufert FT (2000) Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus variants in non-human primates. J Hum Evol 74:5377–5381
- Guan ZH, Ma CY, Fei HL, Huang B, Ning WH, Ni QY, Jiang XL, Fan PF (2018) Ecology and social system of northern gibbons living in cold seasonal forests. Zool Res 39:255–265
- Guntrum EB, Haley AM, Margulis SW (2021) Characterization of Cycling in a Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys). Folia Primatol 92:235–240
- Guo Y, Chang J, Han L, Liu T, Li G, Garber PA (2020) The Genetic Status of the Critically Endangered Hainan Gibbon ( Nomascus hainanus): A Species Moving Toward Extinction. Front Genet 11:1–11
- Guo Y, Peng D, Han L, Liu T, Li G, Garber PA (2021) Mitochondrial DNA control region sequencing of the critically endangered Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) reveals two female origins and extremely low genetic diversity Mitochondrial DNA control region sequencing of the critically endangered. Mitochondrial DNA Part B 6:1355–1359
- Hallam CD, Johnson A, O’Kelly H, Seateun S, Thamsatith T, O’Brien TG, Strindberg S (2016) Using occupancy-based surveys and multi-model inference to estimate abundance and distribution of crested gibbons (Nomascus spp.) in central Laos. Am J Primatol 78
- Hamard MCL, Cheyne SMM, Nijman V (2010) Vegetation correlates of gibbon density in the peat-swamp forest of the Sabangau catchment, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Am J Primatol 72:607–616
- Han P, Ma H, Wang Z, Fan P, Fan P (2024) Vocal differences in note, sequence and great call sequence among three closely related Nomascus gibbon species. Int J Primatol
- Hankinson EL, Hill RA, Marsh CD, Nowak MG, Abdullah A, Pasaribu N, Supriadi, Nijman V, Cheyne SM, Korstjens AH (2021) Influences of Forest Structure on the Density and Habitat Preference of Two Sympatric Gibbons (Symphalangus syndactylus and Hylobates lar). Int J Primatol
- Harcourt AH, Schwartz MW (2001) Primate evolution: A biology of Holocene extinction and survival on the southeast Asian Sunda Shelf islands. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:4–17
- Harrison NJ, Hill RA, Alexander C, Marsh CD, Nowak MG, Abdullah A, Slater HD, Korstjens AH (2021) Sleeping trees and sleep-related behaviours of the siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) in a tropical lowland rainforest, Sumatra, Indonesia. Primates 62:63–75
- Harrison ME, Wijedasa LS, Cole LES, Cheyne SM, Choiruzzad SAB, Chua L, Dargie GC, Ewango CEN, Honorio Coronado EN, Ifo SA, Imron MA, Kopansky D, Lestarisa T, O’Reilly PJ, Offelen J Van, Refisch J, Roucoux K, Sugardjito J, Thornton SA, Upton C, Page S (2020) Tropical peatlands and their conservation are important in the context of COVID-19 and potential future (zoonotic) disease pandemics. PeerJ 8:e10283
- Hasan S, Naher H, Akhter T, Ahmed T, Al-Razi H, Rahman HA, Muzaffar S Bin (2024) Impact of Seasonality on Food Selection and Home Range Size of the Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock). Int J Primatol
- Heinicke S, Ordaz-Németh I, Junker J, Bachmann ME, Marrocoli S, Wessling EG, Byler D, Cheyne SM, Desmond J, Dowd D, Fitzgerald M, Fourrier M, Goedmakers A, Hernandez-Aguilar RA, Hillers A, Hockings KJ, Jones S, Kaiser M, Koops K, Lapuente JM, Maisels F, Riedel J, Terrade E, Tweh CG, Vergnes V, Vogt T, Williamson EA, Kühl HS (2020) Open-access platform to synthesize knowledge of ape conservation across sites. Am J Primatol n/a:e23213
- Hoang Minh Duc, Tran Van Bang, Covert HH (2017) Strengthening conservation of the northern yellow-cheeked gibbon Nomascus annamensis and the establishment of community-based monitoring group on the eastern slope of the Central Annamites, Vietnam. Hochiminh City
- Hoang Minh Duc, Tran Van Bang, Covert HH, Duc HM, Bang T Van, Covert HH (2016) Strengthening conservation of the northern yellow-cheeked gibbon Nomascus annamensis and the establishment of community-based monitoring group on the eastern slope of the Central Annamites, Vietnam. Hochiminh City
- Höing A, Quinten MC, Indrawati YM, Cheyne SM, Waltert M (2013) Line Transect and Triangulation Surveys Provide Reliable Estimates of the Density of Kloss’ Gibbons (Hylobates klossii) on Siberut Island, Indonesia. Int J Primatol 34
- Hu N, Joseph O, Huang B, He K, Jiang X (2014) Isolation and characterization of thirteen microsatellite loci for the western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) by high-throughput sequencing. Conserv Genet Resour 6:179–181
- Iskandar E, Alikodra HS, Kyes RC, Mansjoer SS, Bismark M (2010) Habitat dan Populasi Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1797) di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun-Salak Jawa Barat. Oryx 30:129–134
- Israfil H, Zehr SM, Mootnick AR, Ruvolo M, Steiper ME (2011) Unresolved molecular phylogenies of gibbons and siamangs (Family: Hylobatidae) based on mitochondrial, Y-linked, and X-linked loci indicate a rapid Miocene radiation or sudden vicariance event. Mol Phylogenet Evol 58:447–455
- Ji X, Harrison T, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Zhang C, Hu J, Wu D, Hou Y, Li S, Wang G, Wang Z (2022) The earliest hylobatid from the Late Miocene of China. J Hum Evol 171:103251
- Jiang X, Luo Z, S Zhao, Li R, Liu C (2008) Status and distribution pattern of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountains, Yunnan, China: implication for conservation. Primates 47:264–271
- Jiang X-L, Luo Z, Zhao S, Li R, Liu C (2006) Status and distribution pattern of black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) in Wuliang Mountains, Yunnan, China: implication for conservation. Primates 47:264–271
- Junker J, Petrovan SO, Arroyo-RodrÍguez V, Boonratana R, Byler D, Chapman CA, Chetry D, Cheyne SM, Cornejo FM, CortÉs-Ortiz L, Cowlishaw G, Christie AP, Crockford C, Torre SD La, Melo FR De, Fan P, Grueter CC, GuzmÁn-Caro DC, Heymann EW, Herbinger I, Hoang MD, Horwich RH, Humle T, Ikemeh RA, Imong IS, Jerusalinsky L, Johnson SE, Kappeler PM, Kierulff MCM, KonÉ I, Kormos R, Le KQ, Li B, Marshall AJ, Meijaard E, Mittermeier RA, Muroyama Y, Neugebauer E, Orth L, Palacios E, Papworth SK, Plumptre AJ, Rawson BM, Refisch J, Ratsimbazafy J, Roos C, Setchell JM, Smith RK, Sop T, Schwitzer C, Slater K, Strum SC, Sutherland WJ, Talebi M, Wallis J, Wich S, Williamson EA, Wittig RM, KÜhl HS (2020) A Severe Lack of Evidence Limits Effective Conservation of the World’s Primates. Bioscience biaa082
- Kagaya M (2007) Glenohumeral joint surface characters and its relation to forelimb suspensory behavior in three ateline primates, Ateles, Lagothrix, and Alouatta. Anthropol Sci 115:17–23
- Kakati K (2000) Impact of forest fragmentation on the Hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) in Assam, India. University of Cambridge.
- Kawabe M (1970) A preliminary study of the wild siamang gibbon (Hylobates syndactylus) at Fraser’s Hill, Malaysia. Primates 11:285–291
- Kenyon M (2007) Behavioural ecology of golden-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae). University of Cambridge
- Kenyon M, Roos C, Binh V., Chivers DJ (2011) Extrapair paternity in golden-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in the secondary lowland forest of Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam. Folia Primatol 82:154–164
- Kenyon M, Streicher U, Pei K, Cronin A, Dien N van, Mui T van, Hien L van (2015) Experiences using VHF and VHF/GPS-GSM radio-transmitters on released southern yellow-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in South Vietnam. Vietnam J Primatol 2:15–27
- Kidney D, Rawson BM, Borchers DL, Stevenson BC, Marques TA, Thomas L (2016) An efficient acoustic density estimation method with human detectors applied to gibbons in Cambodia. PLoS One 11
- Kim SK, Carbone L, Becquet C, Mootnick AR, Li DJ, Jong PJ De, Wall JD (2011) Patterns of genetic variation within and between gibbon species. Mol Biol Evol 28:2211–2218
- Kim S, Lappan S, Choe JC (2010) Diet and Ranging Behavior of the Endangered Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in a Submontane Tropical Rainforest. Am J Primatol 71:1–11
- Kim S, Lappan S, Choe JC (2011) Diet and Ranging Behavior of the Endangered Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in a Submontane Tropical Rainforest. Am J Primatol 71:270–280
- Kumar A, Sarma K, Krishna M, Devi A (2013) The Eastern Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) in Eastern Arunachal Pradesh, India. Primate Conserv 27:115–123
- Lan D, Ma S, Li S, Guo G (2000) Timing of hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock) songs in west Yunnan. Zool Res 20:273–277
- Lappan S (2009) Flowers Are an Important Food for Small Apes in Southern Sumatra. Am J Primatol 71:624–635
- Lee S, Oktaviani R, Yi Y, Choi A, Mardiastuti A, Choe JC (2025) Developmental Changes in Feeding Behavior and Maternal Influences in Wild Javan Gibbons (Hylobates moloch). Int J Primatol
- Leroux N, Nouhin J, Prak S, Roth B, Rouet F, Dussart P, Marx N (2020) Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Hepatitis B in Captive and Wild-Living Pileated Gibbons (Hylobates pileatus) in Cambodia. Int J Primatol 41:634–653
- Li P, Garber PA, Bi Y, Jin K, Qi X, Zhou J (2022) Diverse grouping and mating strategies in the Critically Endangered Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus). Primates 63:237–243
- Li G-S, Yang X-M, Zhang H-Y, Li W (2011) Population and distribution of western black crested gibbon (Nomascus concolor) at Ailao Mountain, Xinping, Yunnan. Zool Res 32:675–683
- Lieb ZE, Meijaard E, Brodie JF, Shabrani A, Mohd-Azlan J, Supriatna J, Struebig MJ, Deere NJ, Spencer KL, Heon S, Wong L-J, Juiling S, Hearn A, Coudrat CNZ, Jati AS, Linkie M, Ngoprasert D, Das D, Wearn OR, Gray RJ, Cabanas AJC, Chankhao A, Saisamorn A, Azhar B, Lee BPY-H, Goossens B, Traeholt C, MacDonald DW, Lastica-Ternura EA, Garcia-Gil F, Pattiselanno F, Fredriksson G, Davies G, Hilser H, Wheelhouse J, Ploeg J van der, Redeña-Santos JC, Moore JM, Parakkasi K, Berman LM, Lee SXT, Hughes LJ, Alen LH, Ancrenaz M, Chua MAH, Handschuh M, Ward M, Rifqi MA, Jaini MA Bin, Omar MS Bin, Pongpattananurak N, Shwe N, Daniel OZ, Sinovas P, Deka P, Radinal, Thaung R, Ewers RM, Legrand R, Sukmasuang R, Kaicheen SS, Khalid S, Aung SS, Sheherazade S, Davies SJ, Braasch T, Gray TNE, Redford T, Grafe U, Song X, Luskin MS (2025) Mapping Multiple Wild Pig Species’ Population Dynamics in Southeast Asia During the African Swine Fever Outbreak (2018–2024). Conserv Lett 18:e13105
- Lin A, Ngoprasert D, Lwin N, Sukumal N, Savini T (2025) Effects of Shifting Cultivation on the Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in Western Myanmar. Integr Conserv n/a
- Lucas P, Gaskins J, Lowrey T, Harrison ME, Morrogh-Bernard H, Cheyne SM, Begley M (2011) Evolutionary optimization of material properties of a tropical seed. J R Soc Interface 9:34–42
- Luo Z. (2011) Survey on populations and distribution of western black crested gibbons (Nomascus concolor jingdongensis) from Wuliang Shan National Nature Reserve. Sichuan J Zool 30:283–287
- Luo WS, Zhao SY, Luo ZQ, Wang Q (2007) Population and distribution of Nomascus concolor in Jingdong Jurisdiction of Ailaoshan National Nature Reserve. Sichuan J Zool 26:600–603
- Lusher AS (2006) Individuality in the great calls of female Hylobates agilis albibarbis in the Sebangau National Park. University of Surrey, Roehampton, London
- Ma CY, Brockelman WY, Light LEO, Bartlett TQ, Fan PF (2019) Infant loss during and after male replacement in gibbons. Am J Primatol 81
- Mack MJ (2003) Advances in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Ann Thorac Surg 76:S2240–S2245
- Marshall, A.J., Nijman, V. & Cheyne SM (2020a) Hylobates muelleri. IUCN Red List Threat Species 2008
- Marshall, A.J., Nijman, V. & Cheyne SM (2020b) Hylobates albibarbis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN Red List Threat Species
- Marshall AJ (2009) Are montane forests demographic sinks for Bornean white-bearded gibbons Hylobates albibarbis? Biotropica 42:147–157
- Marshall AJ (2010) Effect of habitat quality on primate populations in Kalimantan: gibbons and leaf monkeys as case studies. In: Gursky-Doyen S, Supriatna J (eds) Indonsian Primates. Springer, New York, p 157–177
- Marshall JT, Marshall ER (1976) Gibbons and their territorial songs. Science (80- ) 193:235–237
- Marshall JT, Sugardjito J (1986) Gibbon Systematics. In: Swindler DR, Erwin J (eds) Comparative Primate Biology: Systematics, evolution and anatomy. Alan Liss, New York, p 137–185
- Matsudaira K, Ishida T (2010) Phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates of the whole mitochondrial genome sequences among three gibbon genera. Mol Phylogenet Evol 55:454–459
- McConkey KR (1999) Gibbons as Seed Dispersers in the Rainforests of Central Borneo. University of Cambridge, Cambridge
- McConkey KR, Aldy F, Ario A, Chivers DJ (2002) Selection of Fruit by Gibbons (Hylobates muelleri x agilis) in the Rain Forests of Central Borneo. Int J Primatol 23:123–145
- McConkey KR, Ario A, Aldy F, Chivers DJ (2003) Influence of forest seasonality on gibbon food choice in the rain forests of Barito Ulo, Central Kalimantan. Int J Primatol 24:19–32
- McConkey KR, Chivers DJ (2004) Low mammal and hornbill abundance in the forests of Barito Ulu. Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Oryx 38:439–447
- Misceo D, Capozzi O, Roberto R, Dell’Oglio MP, Rocchi M, Stanyon R, Archidiacono N (2008) Tracking the complex flow of chromosome rearrangements from the Hominoidea Ancestor to extant Hylobates and Nomascus Gibbons by high-resolution synteny mapping. Genome Res 18:1530–1537
- Mohd Rameli NIA, Lappan S, Bartlett TQ, Ahmad SK, Ruppert N (2020) Are social media reports useful for assessing small ape occurrence? A pilot study from Peninsular Malaysia. Am J Primatol 82:e23112
- Molur S, Walker S, Islam A, Miller P, Srinivasulu C, Nameer PO, Daniela BA, Ravikyumar L (2005) Conservation of Western Hoolock Gibbon in (Hoolock hoolock hoolock) in India and Bangladesh: Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (P.H.V.A.) Workshop Report.
- Mootnick AR, Chan BPL, Moisson P, Nadler T (2012) The status of the Hainan gibbon Nomascus hainanus and the eastern black gibbon Nomascus nasutus. Int Zoo Yearb 46
- Mootnick A, Groves C (2005) A New Generic Name for the Hoolock Gibbon (Hylobatidae). Int J Primatol 26:971–976
- Morino L (2011) Clouded leopard predation on a wild juvenile siamang. Folia Primatol 81:362–368
- Müller S, Hollatz M, Wienberg J (2003) Chromosomal phylogeny and evolution of gibbons (Hylobatidae). Hum Genet 113:493–501
- Muzaffar S Bin, Islam MA, Feeroz MM, Kabir M, Begum S, Mahmud MS, Chakma S, Hasan MK (2007) Habitat characteristics of the endangered Hoolock gibbons of Bangladesh: the role of plant species richness. Biotropica 39:539–545
- Neha SA, Khatun UH, Ul Hasan MA (2021) Resource partitioning and niche overlap between hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) and other frugivorous vertebrates in a tropical semi-evergreen forest. Primates 62:331–342
- Ni Q, Liang Z, Xie M, Xu H, Yao Y, Zhang M, Li Y, Li Y, Jiang X (2018) Microhabitat use of the western black-crested gibbon inhabiting an isolated forest fragment in southern Yunnan, China: implications for conservation of an endangered species. Primates 59:45–54
- Nie WH, Wang JH, Su WT, Hu Y, He SW, Jiang XL, He K (2018) Species identification of crested gibbons (Nomascus) in captivity in China using karyotyping- and PCR-based approaches. Zool Res 39:356–363
- Nijman, V., Cheyne, S.M. & Traeholt C (2020a) Hylobates abbotti. IUCN Red List Threat Species
- Nijman, V., Cheyne, S.M. & Traeholt C (2020b) Hylobates funereus. IUCN Red List Threat Species 2020
- Nijman V, Richardson M, Geissmann T, Richardson, M. Geissmann T (2008) Hylobates albibarbis. IUCN Red List Threat Species 2008
- Noppornpanth S, Haagmans BL, Bhattarakosol P, Ratanakorn P, Niesters HG, Osterhaus AD, Poovorawan Y (2003) Molecular epidemology of gibbon hepatitis B virus transmission. J Gen Virol 84:147–155
- O’Brien TG, Kinnaird MF, Nurcahyo A, Prasetyaningrum M, Iqbal M (2003) Fire, demography and the persistence of siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus: Hylobatidae) in a Sumatran rainforest. Anim Conserv 6:115–121
- O’Hagan R., Ward L, Cheyne SM (2019) Gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis) Duet Song Propagation Distance: Implications for Intra- and Inter-Group Communication. J Acoust in review
- Orgeldinger M (1995) Feeding captive siamangs: A nutritional analysis and some proposals to enhance feeding in a more natural manner. Int Zoo News 42:223–235
- Pachuau S V., Qureshi Q, Habib B, Nijman V (2013) Habitat Use and Documentation of a Historic Decline of Western Hoolock Gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) in Dampa Tiger Reserve, Mizoram, India. Primate Conserv 27:85–90
- Palombit RA (1995) Longitudinal patterns of reproduction in wild siamang (H. syndactylus) and white-handed gibbons (H. lar). Int J Primatol 16:739–760
- Palombit RA (1997) Inter and intraspecific variation in the diets of sympatric siamang (H. syndactylus) and lar gibbons (H. lar). Folia Primatol 68:321–337
- Pappas K (2002) Behavioural study of occupations feeders for Hylobates. Am J Primatol 57:40–41
- Parker ST, Mitchell RW, Miles HL (1999) The mentalities of gorillas and orangutans: comparative perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
- Piskovska P, Piskovsky V, Cheyne S (2025) Conservation of southern yellow-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in the Anthropocene. bioRxiv
- Raimondi T, Panfilo G Di, Pasquali M, Zarantonello M, Favaro L, Savini T, Gamba M, Ravignani A (2023) Isochrony and rhythmic interaction in ape duetting. Proc R Soc B Biol Sci 290:20222244
- Redford T (1999) Gibbon cage design costing in Thailand. In: Supriatna J, Manullang BO (eds) Proceedings of the International Workshop on Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch):Rescue and Rehabilitation. Conservation International and Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Studies, University of Indonesia., Jakarta, p 42–46
- Reichard U, Barelli C (2008) Life history and reproductive strategies of Khao Yai Hylobates lar: Implications for social evolution in apes. Int J Primatol 29:823–844
- Reza AHMA (2004) Natural resources management in Bangladesh: Linking national priority to global perspective. Tiger Pap 31:10–16
- Roos C (2016) Phylogeny and Classification of Gibbons (Hylobatidae). In: The Evolution of Gibbons and Siamang.p 3–41
- Runting RK, Ruslandi, Griscom BW, Struebig MJ, Satar M, Meijaard E, Burivalova Z, Cheyne SM, Deere NJ, Game ET, Putz FE, Wells JA, Wilting A, Ancrenaz M, Ellis P, Khan FAA, Leavitt SM, Marshall AJ, Possingham HP, Watson JEM, Venter O (2019) Larger gains from improved management over sparing–sharing for tropical forests. Nat Sustain 2:53–61
- S. L, Sibarani M, Rustiadi EL, Andayani N (2017) Abrupt decline in a protected population of siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) in Southern Sumatra. Folia Primatol 88:255–266
- Sa-nguanmooa P, Tanakab Y, Ratanakornc, Parntep Sugiyamad M, Murakamib, Shuko Payungporne, Sunchai Sommanustweechaif A, Mizokamid M, Poovorawana Y (2011) Cross-species transmission of gibbon and orangutan hepatitis B virus to uPA/SCID mice with human hepatocytes. Virus Res 158:209–215
- Sarma K, Krishna M, Kumar A (2015) Fragmented populations of the Vulnerable eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys in the Lower Dibang Valley district, Arunachal Pradesh, India. ORYX 49
- Sarma K, Kumar A, Krishna M, Medhi M, Tripathi OP (2015) Predicting Suitable Habitats for the Vulnerable Eastern Hoolock Gibbon, Hoolock leuconedys, in India Using the MaxEnt Model. Folia Primatol 86:387–397
- Scheider L, Liebal K, Oña L, Burrows A, Waller B (2014) A comparison of facial expression properties in five hylobatid species. Am J Primatol 76:618–628
- Setiawan A, Nugroho TS, Wibisono Y, Ikawati V, Sugardjito J (2012) Population density and distribution of Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 13:23–32
- Siegal-Willott JL, Jensen N, Kim D, Taliaferro D, Blankenship T, Malinsky B, Murray S, Eiden M V, Xu W (2015) EVALUATION OF CAPTIVE GIBBONS (HYLOBATES SPP., NOMASCUS SPP., SYMPHALANGUS SPP.) IN NORTH AMERICAN ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS FOR GIBBON APE LEUKEMIA VIRUS (GALV). J ZOO Wildl Med 46:27–33
- Simokar A, Sumarga E, Oktaviani R, Prasetio Y (2025) Environmental drivers of ranging behavior in the Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Biodiversitas 26:3903–3915
- Smith JH, King T, Campbell C, Cheyne SM, Nijman V (2018) Modelling Population Viability of Three Independent Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) Populations on Java, Indonesia. Folia Primatol 88
- Struebig MJ, Wilting A, Gaveau DLA, Meijaard E, Smith RJ, Abdullah T, Abram N, Alfred R, Ancrenaz M, Augeri DM, Belant JL, Bernard H, Bezuijen M, Boonman A, Boonratana R, Boorsma T, Breitenmoser-Würsten C, Brodie J, Cheyne SM, Devens C, Duckworth JW, Duplaix N, Eaton J, Francis C, Fredriksson G, Giordano AJ, Gonner C, Hall J, Harrison ME, Hearn AJ, Heckmann I, Heydon M, Hofer H, Hon J, Husson S, Khan FAA, Kingston T, Kreb D, Lammertink M, Lane D, Lasmana F, Liat LB, Lim NT-L, Lindenborn J, Loken B, Macdonald DW, Marshall AJ, Maryanto I, Mathai J, McShea WJ, Mohamed A, Nakabayashi M, Nakashima Y, Niedballa J, Noerfahmy S, Persey S, Peter A, Pieterse S, Pilgrim JD, Pollard E, Purnama S, Rafiastanto A, Reinfelder V, Reusch C, Robson C, Ross J, Rustam R, Sadikin L, Samejima H, Santosa E, Sapari I, Sasak H, Schar AK, Semiadi G, Shepherd CR, Sykes R, Berkel T van, Wells K, Wielstra B, Wong A, Fischer M, Metcalfe K, Kramer-Schadt S (2015) Targeted Conservation to Safeguard a Biodiversity Hotspot from Climate and Land-Cover Change. Curr Biol 25:372–378
- Sultan K, Mansjoer S., Bismark M (2009) Populasi dan distribusi ungko (Hylobates agilis) di Taman Nasional Batang Gadis, Sumatera Utara. J Primatol Indones 6:25–31
- Svensson MS, Nekaris KAI, Bearder SK, Bettridge CM, Butynski TM, Cheyne SM, Das N, Jong YA de, Luhrs AM, Luncz L V, Maddock ST, Perkin A, Pimley E, Poindexter SA, Reinhardt KD, Spaan D, Stark DJ, Starr CR, Nijman V (2018) Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms. Am J Phys Anthropol 166:563–577
- Tarik Kabir M, Farid Hasan M, Cheyne SM, Anuar Mohd Sah S, Lappan S, Bartlett TQ, Ruppert N (2021) Population assessment of the endangered Western Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock hoolock Harlan, 1834 at Sheikh Jamal Inani National Park, Bangladesh, and conservation significance of this site for threatened wildlife species. J Threat Taxa 13:18687–18694
- Thinh VN, Mootnick AR, Geissmann T, Li M, Ziegler T, Agil M, Moisson P, Nadler T, Walter L, Roos C (2010) Mitochondrial evidence for multiple radiations in the evolutionary history of small apes. BMC Evol Biol 10
- Thinh VNVN, Rawson BM, Hallam C, Kenyon M, Nadler T, Walter L, Roos C (2010) Phylogeny and distribution of crested gibbons (genus Nomascus) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence data. Am J Primatol 72:1047–1054
- Thompson C, Lwin N, Aung PP, Aung TH, Htike TSM, San AM, Thant NML, Roos C, Fan P-F, Rompay K van, Grindley M, Tin PP, Wai NN, Lwin HHA, Gilardi K V, Momberg F, Cheyne SM, Evans TS (2023) The status of primates and primatology in Myanmar. Glob Ecol Conserv 47:e02662
- Tingpalapong M, Watson TM, Whitmire RE, Chapple FE, Marshall JTJ (1981) Reactions of captive gibbons to natural habitat and wild conspecifics after release. Nat Hist Bull Siam Soc 29:31–40
- Todd NPM, Merker B (2004) Siamang gibbons exceed the saccular threshold: Intensity of the song of Hylobates syndactylus. J Acoust Soc Am 115:3077–3080
- Traeholt C, Bonthoeun R, Rawson B, Samuth M, Virak C, Sok Vuthin (2005) Status review of pileated gibbon, Hylobates pileatus, and yellow-cheeked crested gibbon, Nomascus gabriellae, in Cambodia. Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Tran D Van, Le TT, Vu TT, Nguyen DD, Khotpathoom T, Phung K Van, Tran HD, Le N Van, Le TC (2023) A review on the status and modeling of suitable habitats of the southern white-cheeked gibbon. Primates
- Tran D Van, Vu TT (2020) Combining species distribution modeling and distance sampling to assess wildlife population size: A case study with the northern yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus annamensis). Am J Primatol 82:e23169
- Trinh-Dinh H, Nguyen AT, Le MD, Li X, Cao NT, Blair ME (2022) ssessment of climate change impacts on one of the rarest apes on Earth, the Cao Vit Gibbon Nomascus nasutus. Front Biogeogr 14
- Trịnh Đình Hoàn, Lê Văn Dũng, Nguyễn Vân Trường (2016) Báo cáo Tổng điều tra liên khu Vượn Cao vít (Nomascus nasutus) tại Khu Bảo tồn loài và sinh cảnh Vượn Cao vít huyện Trùng Khánh, tỉnh Cao Bằng, Việt Nam và Khu bảo tồn Bằng Lượng, Trịnh Tây, Quảng Tây, Trung Quốc. Hanoi, Vietman
- Trivedi M, Sree KD, Biswas J, Umapathy G (2022) Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Western Hoolock (Hoolock hoolock) Gibbons in India. Int J Primatol
- Tun WKKN, Sukumal N, Ngoprasert D, Shwe NM, Savini T (2023) Gibbon population status and long-term viability: Implication for a newly established protected area management. Glob Ecol Conserv 45:e02534
- Turvey ST, Bryant J V, Duncan C, Wong MHG, Guan Z, Fei H, Ma C, Hong X, Nash HC, Chan BPL, Xu Y, Fan P (2017) How many remnant gibbon populations are left on Hainan? Testing the use of local ecological knowledge to detect cryptic threatened primates. Am J Primatol 79:e22593
- Turvey ST, Lau EYX, Duncan C, Ma H, Liu H (2024) Assessing the information-content of messy data to reconstruct population recovery dynamics for the world’s rarest primate. Ecol Evol 14:e70089
- Veeramah KR, Woerner AE, Johnstone L, Gut I, Gut M, Marques-Bonet T, Carbone L, Wall JD, Hammer MF (2015a) Examining phylogenetic relationships among gibbon genera using whole genome sequence data using an approximate Bayesian computation approach. Genetics 200:295–308
- Veeramah KR, Woerner AE, Johnstone L, Gut I, Gut M, Marques-Bonet T, Carbone L, Wall JD, Hammer MF (2015b) Examining phylogenetic relationships among gibbon genera using whole genome sequence data using an approximate bayesian computation approach. Genetics 200:295–308
- Vogel ER, Haag L, Mitra-Setia T, Schaik CP van, Dominy NJ (2009) Foraging and ranging behavior during a fallback episode: Hylobates albibarbis and Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii compared. Am J Phys Anthropol. Am J Phys Anthr 140:716–726
- Vu TT, Doherty PF (2021) Using bioacoustics to monitor gibbons. Biodivers Conserv 30:1189–1198
- Vu TT, Doherty PF, T. Nguyen H, Clink DJ, Nguyen MD, Dong HT, Cheyne SM, Giang TT, Phan D V, Ta NT, Tran D V (2023) Passive acoustic monitoring using smartphones reveals an alarming gibbon decline in a protected area in the central Annamite Mountains, Vietnam. Am J Primatol n/a:e23544
- Vu TT, Hoa Anh NQ, Rawson BM, Tran D V., Nguyen HT, Van TN (2020) Monitoring occurrence, extinction, and colonization probabilities for gibbon populations. Am J Primatol 82
- Vu TT, Tran LM (2019) An Application of Autonomous Recorders for Gibbon Monitoring. Int J Primatol 40:169–186
- Vu TT, Tran LM, Nguyen MD, Tran D Van, Doherty PF, Giang TT, Dong HT (2018) A distance sampling approach to estimate density and abundance of gibbon groups. Am J Primatol 80
- Vu TT, Tran LM, Nguyen MD, Tran D Van, Ta NT (2018) Improving the Estimation of Calling Probability and Correction Factors in Gibbon Monitoring Using the Auditory Point Count Method. Int J Primatol 39
- Wall JD, Kim SK, Luca F, Carbone L, Mootnick AR, Jong PJ de, Rienzo A Di (2013) Incomplete Lineage Sorting Is Common in Extant Gibbon Genera. PLoS One 8:1–5
- Wanelik KM, Azis A, Cheyne SM (2013) Note-, phase- and song-specific acoustic variables contributing to the individuality of male duet song in the Bornean Southern gibbon (Hylobates albibarbis). Primates 54:159–170
- Wearn OR, Trinh-Dinh H, Le QK, Nguyen TD (2023) UAV-assisted counts of group size facilitate accurate population surveys of the Critically Endangered cao vit gibbon Nomascus nasutus. Oryx:1–4
- Wearn OR, Trinh-Dinh H, Le QK, Nguyen TD (2024) UAV-assisted counts of group size facilitate accurate population surveys of the Critically Endangered cao vit gibbon Nomascus nasutus. Oryx 58:183–186
- Wei W, Wang X, Claro F, Ding Y, Souris AC, Wang C (2004) The current status of the Hainan black-crested gibbon Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus hainanus in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Oryx 38
- Weiss A, Masilkova M, Gartner MC, Morton FB, Rowden LJ, Cheyne SM, Inoue-Murayama M (2026) Personality, happiness, and health in gibbons. J Comp Psychol:No Pagination Specified-No Pagination Specified
- White J, Rasphone A, Thoyar A, Nijman V (2024) Examining predictive meteorological variables in the singing behavior of northern white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) in northern Lao PDR. Am J Primatol n/a:e23679
- Widyastuti S, Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Iskandar E, Prasetyo LB, Setiawan A, Aoliya N, Cheyne SM (2023) Population of the Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch) in the Dieng Mountains, Indonesia: An updated estimation from a new approach. Biodivers Data J 11:e100805
- Yanuar A (2009) The population distribution and abundance of Siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) and agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) in West Central Sumatra, Indonesia. In: Lappan S, Whittaker DJ (eds) The Gibbons. Springer, New York, USA, p 453–465
- Yi Y, Choi A, Lee S, Ham S, Jang H, Oktaviani R, Mardiastuti A, Choe JC (2022) Transient co-singing of offspring and mothers in non-duetting Javan gibbons (Hylobates moloch). Front Ecol Evol 10
- Youanechuexian K (2009) The Status of Laotian black Crested Gibbon Nomascus concolor lu in Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR (A Appel, S Mukherjee, and SM Cheyne, Eds.). Am J Primatol 8:1–12
- Youanechuexian K, Phiapalath P, Suwanwaree P (2014) The Status of Laotian black Crested Gibbon Nomascus concolor lu in Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR. Adv Environ Biol 8:7–13
- Youanechuexian K, Phiapalath P, Suwanwaree P, Fan P-F, Jiang X, Ni Q, Sun G, Huang B, Jiang XX-LLX-L, Luo WS, Zhao SYS, Luo ZZQZ., Wang Q, Li G-S, Yang X-M, Zhang H-Y, Li W, Luo ZZQZ., Brown J, Jiang XX-LLX-L, Luo ZZQZ., Zhao S, Li R, Liu C, Fan P-FPFP-FF, Jiang XX-LLX-L, Liu C, Luo WS, Xiao W, Huo S, Jiang XX-LLX-L, Liu C, Luo WS, Jiang XX-LLX-L, Luo ZZQZ., Zhao SYS, Li R, Liu C, Fan P-FPFP-FF, Jiang XX-LLX-L, Chang-Cheng T (2009) The Status of Laotian black Crested Gibbon Nomascus concolor lu in Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR. Gibbon J 47:264–271
- Yulianti L, Pratiwi Y, Cheyne S, Kadhafi AM (2024) Community Perceptions on Ecotourism Development in Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. J Indones Tour Policy Stud 9
- Zhang D, Fei HL, Yuan SD, Sun WM, Ni QY, Cui LW, Fan PF (2014a) Ranging behavior of eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) in a northern montane forest in Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China. Primates 55
- Zhang D, Fei HL, Yuan SD, Sun WM, Ni QY, Cui LW, Fan PF (2014b) Ranging behavior of eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) in a northern montane forest in Gaoligongshan, Yunnan, China. Primates 55
- Zhang Y, Huang X, Liu H, Fan P, Zhang L (2026) Local communities affect conservation effectiveness of protected area on a critically endangered primate. Biol Conserv 314:111659
- Zhang H, Turvey ST, Pandey SP, Song X, Sun Z, Wang N (2023) Commercial drones can provide accurate and effective monitoring of the world’s rarest primate. Remote Sens Ecol Conserv 9:775–786
- Zhang H, Wang C, Turvey ST, Sun Z, Tan Z, Yang Q, Long W, Wu X, Yang D (2020) Thermal infrared imaging from drones can detect individuals and nocturnal behavior of the world’s rarest primate. Glob Ecol Conserv 23:e01101
- Zhou J, Wei F, Li M, Lok CBP, Wang D (2008a) Reproductive characters and mating behaviour of wild Nomascus hainanus. International Journal of Primatology. Int J Primatol 29:1037–1046
- Zhou J, Wei F, Li M, Lok CBP, Wang D (2008b) Reproductive characters and mating behaviour of wild Nomascus hainanus. International Journal of Primatology. Int J Primatol 29:1037–1046
- Zhou J, Wei F, Li M, Lok CBP, Wang D, Wei W, Wang X, Claro F, Ding Y, Souris AC, Wang C (2004) The current status of the Hainan black-crested gibbon Nomascus sp. cf. nasutus hainanus in Bawangling National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China. Oryx 38:1037–1046
- Zhu Y, Xu M, Zhang L, Li P, Jin B, Zuo A, Jiang X, Guan Z (2025) Prediction of the potential dispersal corridors for Gaoligong hoolock gibbon in northern Yingjiang, Yunnan, China. J Nat Conserv 83:126771